Participant
Build America Mutual (BAM) Assurance Co
Paid on 2,641 local government issues in BRB's local issuance fee table, $185,372,020 in fees reported.
By role
| Role? | Issues? | Par of those issues? | Fees paid? | Median cost per $1,000? | Negotiated? | Competitive? | Private placement? | First FY? | Last FY? | Paid by the underwriter? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RoleBond insurance and liquidity | Issues2,640 | Par of those issues$22,377,933,041 | Fees paid$185,363,200 | Median cost per $1,000$4.07 | Negotiated700 | Competitive1,939 | Private placement1 | First FY2015 | Last FY2025 | Paid by the underwriter$142,236,387 |
Issues
2,641 issues, newest first.
Skip the issues build america mutual (bam) assurance co worked on table| Issue? | Issuer? | Closed? | FY? | Role? | Sale type? | Par? | Fees to this firm? | Per $1,000 of par? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unl Tax Park Bonds Ser 2024 | Harris County MUD 404 | 4/11/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $1,240,000 | $34,100 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Util Sys Bonds Ser 2024 | Johnson Ranch MUD | 4/9/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $10,000,000 | $73,400 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2024 | Willow Point MUD | 4/9/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $11,400,000 | $99,300 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2024 | Wilbarger Creek MUD 1 | 4/4/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $3,250,000 | $45,500 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Road Bonds Ser 2024 | Southeast Regional Management District | 3/27/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $15,770,000 | $134,884 | $8.55 |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2024 | The Colony MUD 1B | 3/27/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $8,995,000 | $186,600 | Not reported |
| Comb Tax & Rev CO Ser 2024 | Hondo | 3/27/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $10,755,000 | $25,200 | $2.34 |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2024 | Blaketree MUD 1 | 3/26/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $9,285,000 | $111,000 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Util Bonds Ser 2024 | Driftwood CD | 3/26/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $8,400,000 | $327,600 | Not reported |
| WW & SS Comb Unl Tax & Rev Bonds Ser 2024 | Hunter's Glen MUD | 3/21/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $7,370,000 | $45,900 | Not reported |
| Buffalo Creek Wastewater Interceptor Sys Contract Rev Bonds Ser 2024 | North Texas MWD | 3/21/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $8,470,000 | $16,900 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Road Bonds Ser 2024 | Kaufman County MUD 10 | 3/21/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $10,240,000 | $136,300 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2024 | Elm Ridge WCID | 3/21/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $23,835,000 | $100,000 | Not reported |
| Comb Wtr & SS Rev Notes Ser 2024 | Crystal Clear SUD | 3/20/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $8,050,000 | $31,400 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Util Bonds Ser 2024 | Denton County FWSD 11B | 3/18/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $4,225,000 | $37,600 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2024 | Sagemeadow UD | 3/14/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $8,850,000 | $32,000 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Util Bonds Ser 2024 | Elevon MUD 1A | 3/14/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $8,920,000 | $191,700 | Not reported |
| Road Contract Rev Bonds Ser 2024 | Harris County MUD 171 | 3/12/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $7,000,000 | $89,500 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2024 | Fort Bend County MUD 169 | 3/6/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $5,300,000 | $127,200 | Not reported |
| Txbl Contract Rev Bonds Ser 2024B (Wtr Sewer & Drainage Facil) | Harris County MUD 500 | 3/6/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $3,045,000 | $20,000 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2024 | Williamson County MUD 19E | 3/5/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $8,385,000 | $175,200 | Not reported |
| Spec Assessment Rev Ref Bonds Ser 2024 (Jackson Ridge PID Phase 1 & Phase 2 Assessments) | Aubrey | 2/29/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $23,239,000 | $359,460 | $15.47 |
| Spec Assessment Rev Ref Bonds Ser 2024 (Jackson Ridge PID Phase 3 Major Impr Assessments) | Aubrey | 2/29/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $3,853,000 | $114,246 | $29.65 |
| Unl Tax Util Bonds Ser 2024 | Kaufman County MUD 05 | 2/28/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $11,465,000 | $97,800 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Util Sys Bonds Ser 2024 | Collin County MUD 01 | 2/28/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $23,160,000 | $98,198 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Road Bonds Ser 2024 | Collin County MUD 01 | 2/28/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $5,940,000 | $31,126 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Util Bonds Ser 2024 | Kaufman County MUD 03 | 2/27/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $20,015,000 | $204,200 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Road Bonds Ser 2024 | Kaufman County MUD 03 | 2/27/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $12,100,000 | $123,400 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2024 | Northwest Harris County MUD 12 | 2/22/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $16,265,000 | $52,400 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2024 | Montgomery County MUD 127 | 2/22/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $3,500,000 | $49,600 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Road Bonds Ser 2024 | Brazos County MUD 1 | 2/22/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $8,715,000 | $204,800 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Contract Rev Bonds Ser 2024 | Sunfield MUD 04 | 2/22/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $13,920,000 | $105,700 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2024 | Harris County MUD 542 | 2/22/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $5,600,000 | $88,000 | Not reported |
| Rev Bonds Ser 2024 | Cash Special UD | 2/22/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $11,925,000 | $35,000 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2024 | Canyon Falls MUD 1 | 2/21/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $3,000,000 | $41,900 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Levee Impr Bonds Ser 2024 | Sienna Parks & LID | 2/21/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $37,600,000 | $120,500 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Road Bonds Ser 2024 | Canyon Falls MUD 1 | 2/21/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $2,725,000 | $38,100 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2024 | Conroe MUD 1 | 2/20/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $3,205,000 | $37,100 | Not reported |
| WW & SS Comb Unl Tax & Rev Bonds Ser 2024 | Harris County WCID 110 | 2/15/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $4,185,000 | $17,000 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2024 | South Shore Harbour MUD 7 | 2/15/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $4,200,000 | $14,800 | Not reported |
| WW & SS Comb Unl Tax & Rev Bonds Ser 2024 | El Dorado UD | 2/8/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $5,280,000 | $28,000 | Not reported |
| Contract Rev Bonds Ser 2024 (City of Sherman Proj) | Greater Texoma UA | 1/24/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $187,280,000 | $330,597 | $1.77 |
| Unl Tax Road Bonds Ser 2024 | Parkside on the River MUD 1 | 1/18/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $3,860,000 | $104,200 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2024 | Williamson County MUD 26 | 1/17/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $2,390,000 | $63,300 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Park Bonds Ser 2024A | Fort Bend County MUD 133 | 1/17/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $1,885,000 | $18,400 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2024 | Fort Bend County MUD 133 | 1/17/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $1,850,000 | $19,000 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2024 | Woodridge MUD | 1/10/2024 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $5,350,000 | $82,200 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Bonds Ser 2023 | The Colony MUD 1A | 12/28/2023 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $12,000,000 | $231,000 | Not reported |
| Comb Tax & Ltd Pledge Rev CO Ser 2023B | Pleasanton | 12/28/2023 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $9,580,000 | $13,826 | $1.44 |
| Comb Tax & Ltd Pledge Rev CO Ser 2023A | Pleasanton | 12/28/2023 | 2024 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $7,325,000 | $10,520 | $1.44 |
| Total, all 2,641 | $185,372,020 |
- Closed
- 4/11/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $1,240,000
- Fees to this firm
- $34,100
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Unl Tax Util Sys Bonds Ser 2024
- Closed
- 4/9/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $10,000,000
- Fees to this firm
- $73,400
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 4/9/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $11,400,000
- Fees to this firm
- $99,300
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 4/4/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $3,250,000
- Fees to this firm
- $45,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 3/27/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $15,770,000
- Fees to this firm
- $134,884
- Per $1,000 of par
- $8.55
- Closed
- 3/27/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $8,995,000
- Fees to this firm
- $186,600
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 3/27/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $10,755,000
- Fees to this firm
- $25,200
- Per $1,000 of par
- $2.34
- Closed
- 3/26/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $9,285,000
- Fees to this firm
- $111,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 3/26/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $8,400,000
- Fees to this firm
- $327,600
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
WW & SS Comb Unl Tax & Rev Bonds Ser 2024
- Closed
- 3/21/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $7,370,000
- Fees to this firm
- $45,900
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Buffalo Creek Wastewater Interceptor Sys Contract Rev Bonds Ser 2024
- Closed
- 3/21/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $8,470,000
- Fees to this firm
- $16,900
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 3/21/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $10,240,000
- Fees to this firm
- $136,300
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 3/21/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $23,835,000
- Fees to this firm
- $100,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Comb Wtr & SS Rev Notes Ser 2024
- Closed
- 3/20/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $8,050,000
- Fees to this firm
- $31,400
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 3/18/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $4,225,000
- Fees to this firm
- $37,600
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 3/14/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $8,850,000
- Fees to this firm
- $32,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 3/14/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $8,920,000
- Fees to this firm
- $191,700
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Road Contract Rev Bonds Ser 2024
- Closed
- 3/12/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $7,000,000
- Fees to this firm
- $89,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 3/6/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $5,300,000
- Fees to this firm
- $127,200
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Txbl Contract Rev Bonds Ser 2024B (Wtr Sewer & Drainage Facil)
- Closed
- 3/6/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $3,045,000
- Fees to this firm
- $20,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 3/5/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $8,385,000
- Fees to this firm
- $175,200
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Spec Assessment Rev Ref Bonds Ser 2024 (Jackson Ridge PID Phase 1 & Phase 2 Assessments)
- Closed
- 2/29/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $23,239,000
- Fees to this firm
- $359,460
- Per $1,000 of par
- $15.47
Spec Assessment Rev Ref Bonds Ser 2024 (Jackson Ridge PID Phase 3 Major Impr Assessments)
- Closed
- 2/29/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $3,853,000
- Fees to this firm
- $114,246
- Per $1,000 of par
- $29.65
- Closed
- 2/28/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $11,465,000
- Fees to this firm
- $97,800
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Unl Tax Util Sys Bonds Ser 2024
- Closed
- 2/28/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $23,160,000
- Fees to this firm
- $98,198
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 2/28/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $5,940,000
- Fees to this firm
- $31,126
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 2/27/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $20,015,000
- Fees to this firm
- $204,200
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 2/27/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $12,100,000
- Fees to this firm
- $123,400
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 2/22/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $16,265,000
- Fees to this firm
- $52,400
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 2/22/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $3,500,000
- Fees to this firm
- $49,600
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 2/22/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $8,715,000
- Fees to this firm
- $204,800
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Unl Tax Contract Rev Bonds Ser 2024
- Closed
- 2/22/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $13,920,000
- Fees to this firm
- $105,700
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 2/22/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $5,600,000
- Fees to this firm
- $88,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 2/22/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $11,925,000
- Fees to this firm
- $35,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 2/21/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $3,000,000
- Fees to this firm
- $41,900
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Unl Tax Levee Impr Bonds Ser 2024
- Closed
- 2/21/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $37,600,000
- Fees to this firm
- $120,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 2/21/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $2,725,000
- Fees to this firm
- $38,100
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 2/20/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $3,205,000
- Fees to this firm
- $37,100
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
WW & SS Comb Unl Tax & Rev Bonds Ser 2024
- Closed
- 2/15/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $4,185,000
- Fees to this firm
- $17,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 2/15/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $4,200,000
- Fees to this firm
- $14,800
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
WW & SS Comb Unl Tax & Rev Bonds Ser 2024
- Closed
- 2/8/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $5,280,000
- Fees to this firm
- $28,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Contract Rev Bonds Ser 2024 (City of Sherman Proj)
- Closed
- 1/24/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $187,280,000
- Fees to this firm
- $330,597
- Per $1,000 of par
- $1.77
- Closed
- 1/18/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $3,860,000
- Fees to this firm
- $104,200
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 1/17/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $2,390,000
- Fees to this firm
- $63,300
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 1/17/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $1,885,000
- Fees to this firm
- $18,400
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 1/17/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $1,850,000
- Fees to this firm
- $19,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 1/10/2024
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $5,350,000
- Fees to this firm
- $82,200
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 12/28/2023
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $12,000,000
- Fees to this firm
- $231,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Comb Tax & Ltd Pledge Rev CO Ser 2023B
- Closed
- 12/28/2023
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $9,580,000
- Fees to this firm
- $13,826
- Per $1,000 of par
- $1.44
Comb Tax & Ltd Pledge Rev CO Ser 2023A
- Closed
- 12/28/2023
- FY
- 2024
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $7,325,000
- Fees to this firm
- $10,520
- Per $1,000 of par
- $1.44
Rows 401–450 of 2,641
Fees are as BRB's table reports them for each issue. The underwriter's spread counts once, and median and per-$1,000 figures use the issuer's one-time costs only: rows paid by the underwriter are shown in the fees but not added to them (how the participant tables are made).
EMMA links are added as each issue is matched.
Source: Local Issuance Fee By Year (updated by the publisher 10/6/2026). Loaded here 10/9/2026.
Texas fiscal years run September 1 to August 31.
Issuer names are shown as published, without source footnote letters.
Figures are as reported to the agency and have not been independently verified.
