Participant
Grant Thornton LLP
Paid on 1,754 local government issues in BRB's local issuance fee table, $5,963,067 in fees reported.
By role
| Role? | Issues? | Par of those issues? | Fees paid? | Median cost per $1,000? | Negotiated? | Competitive? | Private placement? | First FY? | Last FY? | Paid by the underwriter? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RolePaying agent, trustee and escrow | Issues1,685 | Par of those issues$60,029,614,329 | Fees paid$5,598,660 | Median cost per $1,000$0.35 | Negotiated1,315 | Competitive235 | Private placement135 | First FY2015 | Last FY2021 | Paid by the underwriter$0 |
| RoleEngineers, accountants and other consultants | Issues77 | Par of those issues$3,527,659,881 | Fees paid$352,407 | Median cost per $1,000$0.36 | Negotiated53 | Competitive14 | Private placement10 | First FY2015 | Last FY2020 | Paid by the underwriter$0 |
Issues
1,754 issues, newest first.
Skip the issues grant thornton llp worked on table| Issue? | Issuer? | Closed? | FY? | Role? | Sale type? | Par? | Fees to this firm? | Per $1,000 of par? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GO Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Garland | 12/14/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $42,040,000 | $3,000 | $0.07 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Harlandale ISD | 12/14/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $8,765,000 | $2,500 | $0.29 |
| Wtr & SS Rev Ref Bonds New Ser 2016 | Garland | 12/14/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $16,715,000 | $3,000 | $0.18 |
| Elec Util Sys Rev Ref Bonds New Ser 2016A | Garland | 12/14/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $12,055,000 | $3,000 | $0.25 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Denton County FWSD 08A | 12/13/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $1,715,000 | $2,500 | $1.46 |
| Unl Tax Road Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Denton County FWSD 08A | 12/13/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $1,825,000 | $2,500 | $1.37 |
| GO Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | White Settlement | 12/13/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $8,145,000 | $3,500 | $0.43 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Shepherd ISD | 12/13/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Competitive | $2,459,999 | $3,000 | $1.22 |
| GO Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Lubbock County | 12/7/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Competitive | $30,600,000 | $2,500 | $0.08 |
| GO Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Bellaire | 12/6/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Competitive | $9,690,000 | $4,000 | $0.41 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016A | Allen ISD | 12/1/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $26,670,000 | $3,500 | $0.13 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Tyler ISD | 12/1/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $8,690,000 | $2,500 | $0.29 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | College Station ISD | 12/1/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $37,345,000 | $3,500 | $0.09 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | McGregor ISD | 12/1/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $3,710,000 | $2,500 | $0.67 |
| Wtr Sys Rev Ref & Impr Bonds Ser 2016 | North Texas MWD | 11/30/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Competitive | $330,560,000 | $4,500 | $0.01 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Iola ISD | 11/30/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Competitive | $9,030,000 | $4,000 | $0.44 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016A | Montgomery County MUD 89 | 11/30/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $5,245,000 | $4,500 | $0.86 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016A | Pearland ISD | 11/29/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $42,200,000 | $3,500 | $0.08 |
| Wtr & Wastewater Sys Rev Ref & Impr Bonds New Ser 2016 | Grand Prairie | 11/29/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $17,625,000 | $3,000 | $0.17 |
| GO Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Grand Prairie | 11/29/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $37,125,000 | $5,000 | $0.13 |
| Unl Tax School Bldg & Ref Bonds Ser 2016A | Conroe ISD | 11/29/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $206,675,000 | $3,500 | $0.02 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Mansfield ISD | 11/29/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $32,760,000 | $3,000 | $0.09 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Tatum ISD | 11/29/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $8,380,000 | $3,000 | $0.36 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Whitehouse ISD | 11/29/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $25,257,500 | $3,000 | $0.12 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016A | Montgomery County MUD 115 | 11/29/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $5,690,000 | $4,000 | $0.70 |
| GO Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Lancaster | 11/23/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $6,575,000 | $3,500 | $0.53 |
| GO Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Texarkana | 11/23/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Competitive | $9,090,000 | $3,500 | $0.39 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Ector County ISD | 11/22/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $49,235,000 | $3,500 | $0.07 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Central Heights ISD | 11/22/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $8,510,000 | $3,000 | $0.35 |
| GO & Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Leander | 11/22/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $19,365,000 | $3,500 | $0.18 |
| GO Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Ellis County | 11/22/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Competitive | $37,600,000 | $3,000 | $0.08 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Dawson ISD | 11/22/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $2,953,495 | $3,000 | $1.02 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016A | Princeton ISD | 11/17/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $17,735,000 | $3,000 | $0.17 |
| Perm Impr Ref Bonds Ser 2016A | Katy | 11/17/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Private placement | $4,190,000 | $3,500 | $0.84 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Montgomery County MUD 83 | 11/17/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $1,820,000 | $3,500 | $1.92 |
| GO Ref Bonds Ser 2016A | Lubbock | 11/17/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $36,780,000 | $3,000 | $0.08 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Dallas County U&RD | 11/17/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $155,885,000 | $3,250 | $0.02 |
| Unl Tax School Bldg & Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Tomball ISD | 11/17/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $99,645,000 | $4,000 | $0.04 |
| Unl Tax School Bldg & Ref Bonds Ser 2016B | Splendora ISD | 11/17/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $32,225,000 | $2,000 | $0.06 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Brazoria County MUD 29 | 11/17/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $3,025,000 | $3,500 | $1.16 |
| Unl Tax School Bldg & Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Cypress-Fairbanks ISD | 11/17/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $446,170,000 | $4,000 | $0.01 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Victoria ISD | 11/17/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $129,175,000 | $3,000 | $0.02 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Carrollton-Farmers Branch ISD | 11/17/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $48,420,000 | $4,000 | $0.08 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Harris County MUD 468 | 11/16/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $5,800,000 | $3,500 | $0.60 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Manor ISD | 11/15/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $18,315,000 | $3,500 | $0.19 |
| GO Ref & Impr Bonds Ser 2016 | Melissa | 11/15/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $14,220,000 | $5,500 | $0.39 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Poth ISD | 11/15/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Private placement | $3,119,985 | $1,500 | $0.48 |
| Wtr Sys Rev Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | Bell County WCID 1 | 11/10/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $4,130,000 | $4,000 | $0.97 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016A | Grand Prairie ISD | 11/10/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $47,440,000 | $3,000 | $0.06 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2016 | South Buda WCID 1 | 11/10/2016 | 2017 | Paying agent, trustee and escrow | Negotiated | $2,274,998 | $3,000 | $1.32 |
| Total, all 1,754 | $5,963,067 |
- Closed
- 12/14/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $42,040,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.07
- Closed
- 12/14/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $8,765,000
- Fees to this firm
- $2,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.29
Wtr & SS Rev Ref Bonds New Ser 2016
- Closed
- 12/14/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $16,715,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.18
Elec Util Sys Rev Ref Bonds New Ser 2016A
- Closed
- 12/14/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $12,055,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.25
- Closed
- 12/13/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $1,715,000
- Fees to this firm
- $2,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $1.46
Unl Tax Road Ref Bonds Ser 2016
- Closed
- 12/13/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $1,825,000
- Fees to this firm
- $2,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $1.37
- Closed
- 12/13/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $8,145,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.43
- Closed
- 12/13/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $2,459,999
- Fees to this firm
- $3,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $1.22
- Closed
- 12/7/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $30,600,000
- Fees to this firm
- $2,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.08
- Closed
- 12/6/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $9,690,000
- Fees to this firm
- $4,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.41
- Closed
- 12/1/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $26,670,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.13
- Closed
- 12/1/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $8,690,000
- Fees to this firm
- $2,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.29
- Closed
- 12/1/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $37,345,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.09
- Closed
- 12/1/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $3,710,000
- Fees to this firm
- $2,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.67
Wtr Sys Rev Ref & Impr Bonds Ser 2016
- Closed
- 11/30/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $330,560,000
- Fees to this firm
- $4,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.01
- Closed
- 11/30/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $9,030,000
- Fees to this firm
- $4,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.44
- Closed
- 11/30/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $5,245,000
- Fees to this firm
- $4,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.86
- Closed
- 11/29/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $42,200,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.08
Wtr & Wastewater Sys Rev Ref & Impr Bonds New Ser 2016
- Closed
- 11/29/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $17,625,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.17
- Closed
- 11/29/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $37,125,000
- Fees to this firm
- $5,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.13
Unl Tax School Bldg & Ref Bonds Ser 2016A
- Closed
- 11/29/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $206,675,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.02
- Closed
- 11/29/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $32,760,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.09
- Closed
- 11/29/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $8,380,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.36
- Closed
- 11/29/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $25,257,500
- Fees to this firm
- $3,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.12
- Closed
- 11/29/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $5,690,000
- Fees to this firm
- $4,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.70
- Closed
- 11/23/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $6,575,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.53
- Closed
- 11/23/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $9,090,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.39
- Closed
- 11/22/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $49,235,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.07
- Closed
- 11/22/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $8,510,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.35
- Closed
- 11/22/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $19,365,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.18
- Closed
- 11/22/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $37,600,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.08
- Closed
- 11/22/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $2,953,495
- Fees to this firm
- $3,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $1.02
- Closed
- 11/17/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $17,735,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.17
- Closed
- 11/17/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Private placement
- Par
- $4,190,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.84
- Closed
- 11/17/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $1,820,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $1.92
- Closed
- 11/17/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $36,780,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.08
- Closed
- 11/17/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $155,885,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,250
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.02
Unl Tax School Bldg & Ref Bonds Ser 2016
- Closed
- 11/17/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $99,645,000
- Fees to this firm
- $4,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.04
Unl Tax School Bldg & Ref Bonds Ser 2016B
- Closed
- 11/17/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $32,225,000
- Fees to this firm
- $2,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.06
- Closed
- 11/17/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $3,025,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $1.16
Unl Tax School Bldg & Ref Bonds Ser 2016
- Closed
- 11/17/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $446,170,000
- Fees to this firm
- $4,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.01
- Closed
- 11/17/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $129,175,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.02
- Closed
- 11/17/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $48,420,000
- Fees to this firm
- $4,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.08
- Closed
- 11/16/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $5,800,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.60
- Closed
- 11/15/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $18,315,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.19
- Closed
- 11/15/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $14,220,000
- Fees to this firm
- $5,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.39
- Closed
- 11/15/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Private placement
- Par
- $3,119,985
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.48
Wtr Sys Rev Ref Bonds Ser 2016
- Closed
- 11/10/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $4,130,000
- Fees to this firm
- $4,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.97
- Closed
- 11/10/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $47,440,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.06
- Closed
- 11/10/2016
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Paying agent, trustee and escrow
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $2,274,998
- Fees to this firm
- $3,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $1.32
Rows 451–500 of 1,754
Fees are as BRB's table reports them for each issue. The underwriter's spread counts once, and median and per-$1,000 figures use the issuer's one-time costs only: rows paid by the underwriter are shown in the fees but not added to them (how the participant tables are made).
EMMA links are added as each issue is matched.
Source: Local Issuance Fee By Year (updated by the publisher 10/6/2026). Loaded here 10/9/2026.
Texas fiscal years run September 1 to August 31.
Issuer names are shown as published, without source footnote letters.
Figures are as reported to the agency and have not been independently verified.
