Participant
Kassahn & Ortiz PC
Paid on 203 local government issues in BRB's local issuance fee table, $4,131,254 in fees reported.
By role
Issues
203 issues, newest first.
Skip the issues kassahn & ortiz pc worked on table| Issue? | Issuer? | Closed? | FY? | Role? | Sale type? | Par? | Fees to this firm? | Per $1,000 of par? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WW & SS Rev Bonds Ser 2022 | Universal City | 10/4/2022 | 2023 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $4,445,000 | $8,000 | $1.80 |
| GO Bonds Ser 2022 | New Braunfels | 9/13/2022 | 2023 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $15,695,000 | $5,180 | Not reported |
| Tax Notes Ser 2022 | New Braunfels | 9/13/2022 | 2023 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $9,415,000 | $4,708 | $0.50 |
| CO Ser 2022 | Dallas County | 8/31/2022 | 2022 | Bond counsel | Negotiated | $132,190,000 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Fixed & VR Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2022 | Boerne ISD | 8/30/2022 | 2022 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $45,000,000 | $15,000 | $0.33 |
| General Impr Bonds Ser 2022 | San Antonio | 8/25/2022 | 2022 | Bond counsel | Negotiated | $57,680,000 | $17,415 | $0.30 |
| General Impr Bonds Txbl Ser 2022 | San Antonio | 8/25/2022 | 2022 | Bond counsel | Negotiated | $100,520,000 | $25,448 | $0.25 |
| Tax Notes Ser 2022 | San Antonio | 8/25/2022 | 2022 | Bond counsel | Negotiated | $47,910,000 | $15,426 | $0.32 |
| Comb Tax & Rev CO Ser 2022 | San Antonio | 8/25/2022 | 2022 | Bond counsel | Negotiated | $79,830,000 | $21,568 | $0.27 |
| Comb Tax & Ltd Pledge Rev CO Txbl Ser 2022B | Corpus Christi | 7/27/2022 | 2022 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $9,160,000 | $3,644 | Not reported |
| Util Sys Jr Lien Rev Impr Bonds Ser 2022B | Corpus Christi | 7/27/2022 | 2022 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $92,465,000 | $40,000 | $0.43 |
| Comb Tax & Ltd Pledge Rev CO Ser 2022A | Corpus Christi | 7/27/2022 | 2022 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $10,205,000 | $4,082 | Not reported |
| General Impr Bonds Ser 2022C | Corpus Christi | 7/27/2022 | 2022 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $36,365,000 | $14,546 | Not reported |
| Elec & Gas Sys Rev Ref Bonds New Ser 2022 | San Antonio | 5/4/2022 | 2022 | Bond counsel | Negotiated | $109,620,000 | $25,857 | $0.24 |
| Wtr Sys Jr Lien Rev Ref Bonds Ser 2022A (No Reserve Fund) | San Antonio | 2/15/2022 | 2022 | Bond counsel | Negotiated | $77,785,000 | $18,526 | $0.24 |
| Elec & Gas Sys Fixed & VR Jr Lien Rev Ref Bonds Ser 2022 | San Antonio | 2/15/2022 | 2022 | Bond counsel | Negotiated | $359,465,000 | $61,345 | $0.17 |
| Ltd Tax Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2021 | Bexar County | 12/30/2021 | 2022 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $436,215,000 | $76,338 | Not reported |
| Comb Tax & Rev CO Ser 2021 | Bexar County | 12/30/2021 | 2022 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $90,185,000 | $15,782 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2021 | Bexar County | 12/30/2021 | 2022 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $6,540,000 | $1,145 | Not reported |
| Flood Control Tax Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2021 | Bexar County | 12/30/2021 | 2022 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $57,730,000 | $10,103 | Not reported |
| Pass-Through Rev & Ltd Tax Bonds Ser 2021 (State Highway 211 Proj) | Bexar County | 12/30/2021 | 2022 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $14,940,000 | $2,615 | Not reported |
| Sub Lien Rev Bonds Ser 2021A (CIB) | Brooks Development Authority | 12/16/2021 | 2022 | Disclosure counsel | Negotiated | $18,425,000 | $38,213 | $2.07 |
| Sub Lien Rev Bonds Ser 2021B (Convertible CAB) | Brooks Development Authority | 12/16/2021 | 2022 | Disclosure counsel | Negotiated | $5,683,061 | $11,787 | $2.07 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2021 | Columbia-Brazoria ISD | 12/16/2021 | 2022 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $11,720,000 | $7,500 | Not reported |
| General Impr Ref Bonds Ser 2021E (Airport Ref-AMT)(Forward Delivery) | Corpus Christi | 12/8/2021 | 2022 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $1,985,000 | Not reported | Not reported |
| General Impr Ref Bonds Ser 2021D (Forward Delivery) | Corpus Christi | 12/8/2021 | 2022 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $10,265,000 | Not reported | Not reported |
| General Impr Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2021C | Corpus Christi | 9/22/2021 | 2022 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $40,040,000 | $16,016 | Not reported |
| Comb Tax & Ltd Pledge Rev CO Ser 2021A | Corpus Christi | 9/22/2021 | 2022 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $8,485,000 | $3,394 | Not reported |
| Comb Tax & Ltd Pledge Rev CO Txbl Ser 2021B | Corpus Christi | 9/22/2021 | 2022 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $8,940,000 | $3,576 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2021B | Edgewood ISD | 9/8/2021 | 2022 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $20,860,000 | $15,000 | Not reported |
| General Impr Bonds Ser 2021 | San Antonio | 8/26/2021 | 2021 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $128,295,000 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Comb Tax & Rev CO Ser 2021 | San Antonio | 8/26/2021 | 2021 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $41,425,000 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Comb Tax & Rev CO Txbl Ser 2021A | San Antonio | 8/26/2021 | 2021 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $22,890,000 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Tax Notes Ser 2021 | San Antonio | 8/26/2021 | 2021 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $36,530,000 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Wtr Sys Jr Lien Rev & Ref Bonds Ser 2021A (No Reserve Fund) | San Antonio | 7/13/2021 | 2021 | Bond counsel | Negotiated | $274,375,000 | $38,297 | $0.14 |
| GO Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2021 | Hopkins County | 6/30/2021 | 2021 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $7,005,000 | $6,500 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2021 | San Antonio ISD | 6/1/2021 | 2021 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $268,380,000 | $30,000 | $0.11 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2021 | Northside ISD | 5/25/2021 | 2021 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $127,550,000 | $29,000 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2021 | Lytle ISD | 5/20/2021 | 2021 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $2,415,000 | $5,000 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2021 | Jarrell ISD | 5/19/2021 | 2021 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $6,420,000 | $6,420 | Not reported |
| Wastewater Sys Rev Impr Bonds Ser 2021 | San Antonio RA | 5/19/2021 | 2021 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $20,765,000 | $15,000 | Not reported |
| Util Sys Jr Lien Rev Notes Txbl Ser 2021A | Corpus Christi | 4/15/2021 | 2021 | Other counsel | Private placement | $35,000,000 | $10,000 | $0.29 |
| Elec & Gas Sys Jr Lien Rev Ref Bonds Ser 2021A | San Antonio | 4/8/2021 | 2021 | Bond counsel | Negotiated | $330,700,000 | $57,030 | $0.17 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2021 | Crockett ISD | 2/22/2021 | 2021 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $9,085,000 | $9,085 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2020 | Mission CISD | 12/30/2020 | 2021 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $44,929,960 | $22,465 | Not reported |
| Sales Tax Rev Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2020 (Advanced TA) | VIA Metropolitan Transit Auth | 12/29/2020 | 2021 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $23,790,000 | $11,895 | Not reported |
| Farebox Rev Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2020 | VIA Metropolitan Transit Auth | 12/29/2020 | 2021 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $28,940,000 | $14,470 | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2020B | San Antonio ISD | 12/18/2020 | 2021 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $47,510,000 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2020 | Judson ISD | 12/17/2020 | 2021 | Underwriter's counsel | Negotiated | $87,129,863 | $36,910 | Not reported |
| Elec & Gas Sys Rev Ref Bonds Txbl New Ser 2020 | San Antonio | 11/5/2020 | 2021 | Bond counsel | Negotiated | $418,255,000 | $76,010 | $0.18 |
| Total, all 203 | $4,131,254 |
- Closed
- 10/4/2022
- FY
- 2023
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $4,445,000
- Fees to this firm
- $8,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $1.80
- Closed
- 9/13/2022
- FY
- 2023
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $15,695,000
- Fees to this firm
- $5,180
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 9/13/2022
- FY
- 2023
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $9,415,000
- Fees to this firm
- $4,708
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.50
- Closed
- 8/31/2022
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Bond counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $132,190,000
- Fees to this firm
- Not reported
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Fixed & VR Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2022
- Closed
- 8/30/2022
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $45,000,000
- Fees to this firm
- $15,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.33
- Closed
- 8/25/2022
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Bond counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $57,680,000
- Fees to this firm
- $17,415
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.30
General Impr Bonds Txbl Ser 2022
- Closed
- 8/25/2022
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Bond counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $100,520,000
- Fees to this firm
- $25,448
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.25
- Closed
- 8/25/2022
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Bond counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $47,910,000
- Fees to this firm
- $15,426
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.32
- Closed
- 8/25/2022
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Bond counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $79,830,000
- Fees to this firm
- $21,568
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.27
Comb Tax & Ltd Pledge Rev CO Txbl Ser 2022B
- Closed
- 7/27/2022
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $9,160,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,644
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Util Sys Jr Lien Rev Impr Bonds Ser 2022B
- Closed
- 7/27/2022
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $92,465,000
- Fees to this firm
- $40,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.43
Comb Tax & Ltd Pledge Rev CO Ser 2022A
- Closed
- 7/27/2022
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $10,205,000
- Fees to this firm
- $4,082
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 7/27/2022
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $36,365,000
- Fees to this firm
- $14,546
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Elec & Gas Sys Rev Ref Bonds New Ser 2022
- Closed
- 5/4/2022
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Bond counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $109,620,000
- Fees to this firm
- $25,857
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.24
Wtr Sys Jr Lien Rev Ref Bonds Ser 2022A (No Reserve Fund)
- Closed
- 2/15/2022
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Bond counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $77,785,000
- Fees to this firm
- $18,526
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.24
Elec & Gas Sys Fixed & VR Jr Lien Rev Ref Bonds Ser 2022
- Closed
- 2/15/2022
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Bond counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $359,465,000
- Fees to this firm
- $61,345
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.17
Ltd Tax Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2021
- Closed
- 12/30/2021
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $436,215,000
- Fees to this firm
- $76,338
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 12/30/2021
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $90,185,000
- Fees to this firm
- $15,782
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Unl Tax Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2021
- Closed
- 12/30/2021
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $6,540,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,145
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Flood Control Tax Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2021
- Closed
- 12/30/2021
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $57,730,000
- Fees to this firm
- $10,103
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Pass-Through Rev & Ltd Tax Bonds Ser 2021 (State Highway 211 Proj)
- Closed
- 12/30/2021
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $14,940,000
- Fees to this firm
- $2,615
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Sub Lien Rev Bonds Ser 2021A (CIB)
- Closed
- 12/16/2021
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Disclosure counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $18,425,000
- Fees to this firm
- $38,213
- Per $1,000 of par
- $2.07
Sub Lien Rev Bonds Ser 2021B (Convertible CAB)
- Closed
- 12/16/2021
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Disclosure counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $5,683,061
- Fees to this firm
- $11,787
- Per $1,000 of par
- $2.07
- Closed
- 12/16/2021
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $11,720,000
- Fees to this firm
- $7,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
General Impr Ref Bonds Ser 2021E (Airport Ref-AMT)(Forward Delivery)
- Closed
- 12/8/2021
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $1,985,000
- Fees to this firm
- Not reported
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
General Impr Ref Bonds Ser 2021D (Forward Delivery)
- Closed
- 12/8/2021
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $10,265,000
- Fees to this firm
- Not reported
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
General Impr Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2021C
- Closed
- 9/22/2021
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $40,040,000
- Fees to this firm
- $16,016
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Comb Tax & Ltd Pledge Rev CO Ser 2021A
- Closed
- 9/22/2021
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $8,485,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,394
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Comb Tax & Ltd Pledge Rev CO Txbl Ser 2021B
- Closed
- 9/22/2021
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $8,940,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,576
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Unl Tax Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2021B
- Closed
- 9/8/2021
- FY
- 2022
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $20,860,000
- Fees to this firm
- $15,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 8/26/2021
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $128,295,000
- Fees to this firm
- Not reported
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 8/26/2021
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $41,425,000
- Fees to this firm
- Not reported
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Comb Tax & Rev CO Txbl Ser 2021A
- Closed
- 8/26/2021
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $22,890,000
- Fees to this firm
- Not reported
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 8/26/2021
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $36,530,000
- Fees to this firm
- Not reported
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Wtr Sys Jr Lien Rev & Ref Bonds Ser 2021A (No Reserve Fund)
- Closed
- 7/13/2021
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Bond counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $274,375,000
- Fees to this firm
- $38,297
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.14
- Closed
- 6/30/2021
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $7,005,000
- Fees to this firm
- $6,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2021
- Closed
- 6/1/2021
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $268,380,000
- Fees to this firm
- $30,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.11
Unl Tax Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2021
- Closed
- 5/25/2021
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $127,550,000
- Fees to this firm
- $29,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 5/20/2021
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $2,415,000
- Fees to this firm
- $5,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 5/19/2021
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $6,420,000
- Fees to this firm
- $6,420
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Wastewater Sys Rev Impr Bonds Ser 2021
- Closed
- 5/19/2021
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $20,765,000
- Fees to this firm
- $15,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Util Sys Jr Lien Rev Notes Txbl Ser 2021A
- Closed
- 4/15/2021
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Other counsel
- Sale type
- Private placement
- Par
- $35,000,000
- Fees to this firm
- $10,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.29
Elec & Gas Sys Jr Lien Rev Ref Bonds Ser 2021A
- Closed
- 4/8/2021
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Bond counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $330,700,000
- Fees to this firm
- $57,030
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.17
Unl Tax Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2021
- Closed
- 2/22/2021
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $9,085,000
- Fees to this firm
- $9,085
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Unl Tax Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2020
- Closed
- 12/30/2020
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $44,929,960
- Fees to this firm
- $22,465
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Sales Tax Rev Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2020 (Advanced TA)
- Closed
- 12/29/2020
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $23,790,000
- Fees to this firm
- $11,895
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Farebox Rev Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2020
- Closed
- 12/29/2020
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $28,940,000
- Fees to this firm
- $14,470
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
- Closed
- 12/18/2020
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $47,510,000
- Fees to this firm
- Not reported
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Unl Tax Ref Bonds Txbl Ser 2020
- Closed
- 12/17/2020
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Underwriter's counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $87,129,863
- Fees to this firm
- $36,910
- Per $1,000 of par
- Not reported
Elec & Gas Sys Rev Ref Bonds Txbl New Ser 2020
- Closed
- 11/5/2020
- FY
- 2021
- Role
- Bond counsel
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $418,255,000
- Fees to this firm
- $76,010
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.18
Rows 51–100 of 203
Fees are as BRB's table reports them for each issue. The underwriter's spread counts once, and median and per-$1,000 figures use the issuer's one-time costs only: rows paid by the underwriter are shown in the fees but not added to them (how the participant tables are made).
EMMA links appear after review.
Source: Local Issuance Fee By Year (updated by the publisher 10/6/2026). Loaded here 10/9/2026.
Texas fiscal years run September 1 to August 31.
Issuer names are shown as published, without source footnote letters.
Figures are as reported to the agency and have not been independently verified.
