Participant
Permanent School Fund (PSF) Guarantee
Paid on 3,100 local government issues in BRB's local issuance fee table, $4,679,900 in fees reported.
By role
| Role? | Issues? | Par of those issues? | Fees paid? | Median cost per $1,000? | Negotiated? | Competitive? | Private placement? | First FY? | Last FY? | Paid by the underwriter? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RolePlacement agent | Issues1 | Par of those issues$144,275,000 | Fees paid$3,000 | Median cost per $1,000$0.02 | Negotiated1 | Competitive0 | Private placement0 | First FY2021 | Last FY2021 | Paid by the underwriter$0 |
| RoleBond insurance and liquidity | Issues3,099 | Par of those issues$138,963,450,372 | Fees paid$4,673,900 | Median cost per $1,000$0.09 | Negotiated2,298 | Competitive659 | Private placement142 | First FY2015 | Last FY2025 | Paid by the underwriter$9,000 |
Issues
3,100 issues, newest first.
Skip the issues permanent school fund (psf) guarantee worked on table| Issue? | Issuer? | Closed? | FY? | Role? | Sale type? | Par? | Fees to this firm? | Per $1,000 of par? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unl Tax School Bldg & Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Little Cypress-Mauriceville CISD | 6/20/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $2,810,000 | $1,500 | $0.53 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Martins Mill ISD | 6/20/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $2,055,000 | $1,500 | $0.73 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Lago Vista ISD | 6/20/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $8,645,000 | $1,500 | $0.17 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Killeen ISD | 6/15/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $8,550,000 | $1,500 | $0.18 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Little Elm ISD | 6/15/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $8,985,000 | $1,500 | $0.17 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Mount Vernon ISD | 6/15/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $8,540,000 | $1,500 | $0.18 |
| Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017 | Ganado ISD | 6/15/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $16,510,000 | $1,500 | $0.09 |
| Unl Tax School Bldg & Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Frisco ISD | 6/15/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $206,445,000 | $1,500 | $0.01 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017A (VR) | Leander ISD | 6/15/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $53,725,000 | $3,000 | $0.06 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Navarro ISD | 6/13/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Private placement | $3,505,000 | $1,500 | $0.43 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | La Feria ISD | 6/7/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $3,705,000 | $1,500 | $0.40 |
| Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017 | Somerset ISD | 6/7/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $9,200,000 | $1,500 | $0.16 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017A | Argyle ISD | 6/6/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $23,220,000 | $1,500 | $0.06 |
| Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017 | Ingleside ISD | 6/6/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $29,910,000 | $1,500 | $0.05 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Mount Pleasant ISD | 6/1/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $9,125,000 | $1,500 | $0.16 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Lytle ISD | 6/1/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $7,810,000 | $1,500 | $0.19 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Big Sandy ISD | 5/31/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Private placement | $1,885,000 | $1,500 | $0.80 |
| Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017 | Richardson ISD | 5/31/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $198,735,000 | $1,500 | $0.01 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017A | Lake Worth ISD | 5/25/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $6,930,000 | $1,500 | $0.22 |
| Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017 | Rockwall ISD | 5/25/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $69,555,000 | $1,500 | $0.02 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Mathis ISD | 5/25/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $4,180,000 | $1,500 | $0.36 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017B | Lake Worth ISD | 5/25/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $5,290,656 | $1,500 | $0.28 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Dilley ISD | 5/25/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $3,290,000 | $1,500 | $0.46 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Aubrey ISD | 5/25/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $6,670,000 | $1,500 | $0.22 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Lufkin ISD | 5/25/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $9,289,996 | $1,500 | $0.16 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Santa Rosa ISD | 5/24/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $6,400,000 | $1,500 | $0.23 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017B | Hardin ISD | 5/24/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $875,000 | $1,500 | $1.71 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Bastrop ISD | 5/24/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $20,580,000 | $1,500 | $0.07 |
| Unl Tax School Bldg & Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Madisonville CISD | 5/23/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $3,560,000 | $1,500 | $0.42 |
| Ltd Tax Schoolhouse & Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Houston ISD | 5/23/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $848,740,000 | $1,500 | <$0.01 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Commerce ISD | 5/18/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $9,390,000 | $1,500 | $0.16 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Joshua ISD | 5/18/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $6,675,000 | $1,500 | $0.22 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Lewisville ISD | 5/18/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $68,850,000 | $1,500 | $0.02 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Whitesboro ISD | 5/18/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $6,350,000 | $1,500 | $0.24 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Galena Park ISD | 5/18/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $29,720,000 | $1,500 | $0.05 |
| Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017 | Katy ISD | 5/18/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $261,640,000 | $1,500 | $0.01 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Community ISD | 5/18/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $5,355,000 | $1,500 | $0.28 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Lyford CISD | 5/18/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $3,655,000 | $1,500 | $0.41 |
| Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017 | Liberty ISD | 5/17/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $9,465,000 | $1,500 | $0.16 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Callisburg ISD | 5/17/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $1,855,000 | $1,500 | $0.81 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Magnolia ISD | 5/17/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $33,440,000 | $1,500 | $0.04 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Ennis ISD | 5/17/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $34,183,749 | $1,500 | $0.04 |
| Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017 | Carthage ISD | 5/16/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Private placement | $9,725,000 | $1,500 | $0.15 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Stanton ISD | 5/16/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $4,045,000 | $1,500 | $0.37 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Shallowater ISD | 5/11/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $2,775,000 | $1,500 | $0.54 |
| Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017 | Navarro ISD | 5/11/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $8,280,000 | $1,500 | $0.18 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017A (Green Bonds) | Fort Bend ISD | 5/11/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $47,505,000 | $1,500 | $0.03 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017B | Fort Bend ISD | 5/11/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Negotiated | $36,825,000 | $1,500 | $0.04 |
| Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017 | Spring Hill ISD | 5/11/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Competitive | $9,115,000 | $1,500 | $0.16 |
| Unl Tax School Bldg QSC Bonds Txbl Ser 2017 (Tax Credit Bonds) | Spring Hill ISD | 5/11/2017 | 2017 | Bond insurance and liquidity | Private placement | $2,500,000 | $1,500 | $0.60 |
| Total, all 3,100 | $4,679,900 |
Unl Tax School Bldg & Ref Bonds Ser 2017
- Closed
- 6/20/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $2,810,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.53
- Closed
- 6/20/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $2,055,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.73
- Closed
- 6/20/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $8,645,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.17
- Closed
- 6/15/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $8,550,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.18
- Closed
- 6/15/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $8,985,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.17
- Closed
- 6/15/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $8,540,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.18
Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017
- Closed
- 6/15/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $16,510,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.09
Unl Tax School Bldg & Ref Bonds Ser 2017
- Closed
- 6/15/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $206,445,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.01
Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017A (VR)
- Closed
- 6/15/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $53,725,000
- Fees to this firm
- $3,000
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.06
- Closed
- 6/13/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Private placement
- Par
- $3,505,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.43
- Closed
- 6/7/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $3,705,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.40
Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017
- Closed
- 6/7/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $9,200,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.16
- Closed
- 6/6/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $23,220,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.06
Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017
- Closed
- 6/6/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $29,910,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.05
- Closed
- 6/1/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $9,125,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.16
- Closed
- 6/1/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $7,810,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.19
- Closed
- 5/31/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Private placement
- Par
- $1,885,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.80
Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017
- Closed
- 5/31/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $198,735,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.01
- Closed
- 5/25/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $6,930,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.22
Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017
- Closed
- 5/25/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $69,555,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.02
- Closed
- 5/25/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $4,180,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.36
- Closed
- 5/25/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $5,290,656
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.28
- Closed
- 5/25/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $3,290,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.46
- Closed
- 5/25/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $6,670,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.22
- Closed
- 5/25/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $9,289,996
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.16
- Closed
- 5/24/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $6,400,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.23
- Closed
- 5/24/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $875,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $1.71
- Closed
- 5/24/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $20,580,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.07
Unl Tax School Bldg & Ref Bonds Ser 2017
- Closed
- 5/23/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $3,560,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.42
Ltd Tax Schoolhouse & Ref Bonds Ser 2017
- Closed
- 5/23/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $848,740,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- <$0.01
- Closed
- 5/18/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $9,390,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.16
- Closed
- 5/18/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $6,675,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.22
- Closed
- 5/18/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $68,850,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.02
- Closed
- 5/18/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $6,350,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.24
- Closed
- 5/18/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $29,720,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.05
Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017
- Closed
- 5/18/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $261,640,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.01
- Closed
- 5/18/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $5,355,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.28
- Closed
- 5/18/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $3,655,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.41
Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017
- Closed
- 5/17/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $9,465,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.16
- Closed
- 5/17/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $1,855,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.81
- Closed
- 5/17/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $33,440,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.04
- Closed
- 5/17/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $34,183,749
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.04
Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017
- Closed
- 5/16/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Private placement
- Par
- $9,725,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.15
- Closed
- 5/16/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $4,045,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.37
- Closed
- 5/11/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $2,775,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.54
Unl Tax School Bldg Bonds Ser 2017
- Closed
- 5/11/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $8,280,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.18
Unl Tax Ref Bonds Ser 2017A (Green Bonds)
- Closed
- 5/11/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $47,505,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.03
- Closed
- 5/11/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Negotiated
- Par
- $36,825,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.04
- Closed
- 5/11/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Competitive
- Par
- $9,115,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.16
Unl Tax School Bldg QSC Bonds Txbl Ser 2017 (Tax Credit Bonds)
- Closed
- 5/11/2017
- FY
- 2017
- Role
- Bond insurance and liquidity
- Sale type
- Private placement
- Par
- $2,500,000
- Fees to this firm
- $1,500
- Per $1,000 of par
- $0.60
Rows 1,851–1,900 of 3,100
Fees are as BRB's table reports them for each issue. The underwriter's spread counts once, and median and per-$1,000 figures use the issuer's one-time costs only: rows paid by the underwriter are shown in the fees but not added to them (how the participant tables are made).
EMMA links are added as each issue is matched.
Source: Local Issuance Fee By Year (updated by the publisher 10/6/2026). Loaded here 10/10/2026.
Texas fiscal years run September 1 to August 31.
Issuer names are shown as published, without source footnote letters.
Figures are as reported to the agency and have not been independently verified.
